A short history for a green belt

The way of foot and fist

Taekwondo is young as a name and old as an idea. The name dates from 1955, but it grew out of Korean fighting traditions, Japanese karate learned during the occupation, and the work of a handful of masters who opened schools in Seoul after 1945. This page follows that story belt by belt, from white to black.

태
Tae · 跆to kick, the foot
권
Kwon · 拳the fist
도
Do · 道the way, the path
Illustration with a traditional Korean paper-and-ink finish: children in a taekwondo class; a girl with a green belt kicks a pad held by a black-belt instructor while her classmates watch.
Illustration made with an AI image tool.

Part 1

From ancient Korea to the Olympics

Each era below wears a belt colour, in the order a student earns them. The modern art was born in the green-belt era, when the first schools opened in Seoul.

White belt

c. 1st century BC – 900s

Roots in the Three Kingdoms

Korea was once split into three kingdoms: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. Wall paintings in Goguryeo tombs show men in fighting stances, and old records mention unarmed combat called subak. In Silla, young aristocrats trained as the Hwarang, a corps that studied martial skill alongside poetry and moral codes. Taekwondo looks back to these traditions as part of its Korean heritage.

Yellow belt

1392 – 1945

Taekkyeon, then silence

During the Joseon dynasty, taekkyeon was a flowing, dance-like game of kicks and sweeps, played at festivals. It is the clearest Korean ancestor of taekwondo's kicking, and UNESCO added it to its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2011.

  • Japan annexes Korea. Over the next 35 years, Korean martial traditions fade from everyday life.
  • Young Koreans studying in Japan learn karate. Several of them will go on to found taekwondo's first schools.
  • Liberation at the end of the Second World War. Korea regains its independence.

Green belt

1944 – mid-1950s

The kwans: schools that started it all

Around liberation, masters opened schools in Seoul called kwans (관, "hall"). They taught what they had learned, mostly karate with Korean names like tang soo do or kong soo do. Each school had its own style. These five are usually called the original kwans:

Song Moo KwanRo Byung-jick · 1944
Chung Do KwanLee Won-kuk · 1944
"Blue Wave School"
Jido KwanStarted as Yun Moo Kwan · Chun Sang-sup · 1946
Chang Moo KwanStarted at the Seoul YMCA · Yoon Byung-in · 1946–47
Moo Duk KwanHwang Kee · 1945–47
  • The Korean War. Martial arts training spreads through the South Korean army.
  • President Syngman Rhee watches a demonstration by army officers Choi Hong-hi and Nam Tae-hi. Nam famously smashes a stack of 13 roof tiles with one punch. Rhee asks Choi to introduce martial arts training across the army.
  • Choi founds the Oh Do Kwan to train soldiers, with Nam Tae-hi as a lead instructor. By the mid-1950s there are nine kwans in all.

Blue belt

1955 – 1966

A name, and a push to unite

The kwan leaders began meeting to merge their styles into one Korean art. On 11 April 1955 a naming board of masters and officials chose "Taekwon-Do", a name championed by General Choi Hong-hi. It sounded Korean and echoed the old art of taekkyeon.

  • Work begins on a national association in 1959. It is first called the Korea Tae Soo Do Association, and takes its lasting name, the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), in 1965.
  • Korean masters tour Asia, Europe and America giving demonstrations. Instructors settle abroad and open schools.
  • On 22 March, Choi founds the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) in Seoul to spread the art worldwide.

Red belt

1966 – 2002

Two international branches

As taekwondo spread around the world, it developed along two main paths: the ITF, and the Kukkiwon with the World Taekwondo Federation. Each built its own forms, competitions and black-belt system.

  • The ITF moves its headquarters to Toronto, Canada. In Seoul, the Kukkiwon, the national taekwondo academy, opens on 30 November.
  • The first World Taekwondo Championships are held at the Kukkiwon in May. On 28 May the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) is founded there, with 17 member nations.
  • On 17 July the International Olympic Committee recognises the WTF, opening the road to the Olympics.
  • General Choi Hong-hi, founder of the ITF, dies on 15 June, aged 83. ITF taekwon-do continues worldwide through several federations.

Black belt

1988 – today

An Olympic sport

  • Demonstration sport at the Seoul Olympics, and again at Barcelona 1992.
  • Full Olympic medal sport at Sydney, and at every Games since.
  • In June, the WTF renames itself World Taekwondo (WT).
  • South Korea's parliament designates taekwondo by law as the country's national martial art.
  • Para taekwondo debuts at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics.
  • World Taekwondo counts 215 national associations plus a Refugee Team. Its president, Choue Chung-won, was re-elected in October 2025 for a term to 2029, and the next Olympic tournament is Los Angeles 2028.

Part 2

The family tree

One art, two main branches. If a school teaches Taegeuk forms and sparring with electronic chest protectors, it belongs to the World Taekwondo and Kukkiwon branch, the one used at the Olympics. If it teaches tul patterns like Chon-Ji and Dan-Gun, it is ITF.

Part 3

How the two branches differ

World Taekwondo · KukkiwonITF
SpellingTaekwondoTaekwon-Do
FormsPoomsae: eight Taegeuk forms for coloured belts, then black-belt formsTul: 24 patterns, one for each hour of the day, named after figures and ideas from Korean history
SparringFull contact. Electronic sensors in the chest protector and helmet score kicks; referees score punches. Punches only to the body. A spinning kick to the head scores most: 5 points.Controlled contact with gloves and foot protectors. Punches to the head are allowed. Judges score the points.
MovementUpright, quick stance; emphasis on fast, high kicksA rising-and-falling "sine wave" motion to add power to each technique
OlympicsYes, since 2000No; holds its own world championships
Black beltsCertified by the Kukkiwon in SeoulCertified by the ITF group the school belongs to

Part 4

What the colours mean

These are the meanings from General Choi's ITF tradition, which many schools in both branches still teach. Some clubs add extra colours or stripes, so your own school may tell it slightly differently.

WhiteInnocence: a beginner with no knowledge yet.
YellowThe earth, where a plant takes root as the foundation is laid.
GreenThe plant's growth, as taekwondo skills begin to develop.
BlueThe sky (heaven), which the growing plant reaches toward.
RedDanger: a warning to the student to use control, and to the opponent to stay away.
BlackThe opposite of white: maturity, skill, and imperviousness to darkness and fear.

Part 5

Green belt quiz

Six questions to test what you read. Tap an answer.

0 / 6

Sources

Researched and built with the help of Claude (Anthropic), based on the public sources listed above.

Made for a green belt · October 2026